Unlike industrial applications of electric motors, motors used in electric vehicles typically require frequent start-stop, rapid dynamic response, low-speed constant torque operation with strong overload capacity, wide speed range, and the ability to operate in four quadrants. In addition to fully meeting the vehicle's operational functions, they should also meet the requirements of driving comfort and environmental adaptability.
The drivers used in electric vehicle motors differ significantly from those used in industrial motors in terms of size, operating environment, reliability, power density, and cooling methods. The basic requirements for electric vehicle motor drive technology are summarized as follows:
1) It has high torque density and high power density to meet the demanding space requirements of electric vehicles, while also reducing the vehicle body weight.
2) Wide speed range, meeting the needs of both low-speed climbing and high-speed cruising.
3) High efficiency over a wide operating speed and torque range. 4) Wide constant power operation capability, reducing the motor's rated power requirements and thus lowering costs. 5) High reliability and stability in vehicle operating environments, ensuring high safety under all conditions, especially controllable failure modes. 6) Low noise, including electromagnetic and audio noise, meeting vehicle electromagnetic compatibility and driving comfort requirements. 7) Reasonable cost, as cost has always been a major obstacle to the widespread adoption of electric vehicles.
The main indicators for evaluating a motor drive system include external characteristics (the relationship between maximum output torque and speed), constant power speed regulation range, drive system efficiency distribution diagram (not the efficiency at a certain point, nor the efficiency of the motor body or controller alone), and drive system power density and torque density.
The image below clearly illustrates the differences between automotive motors and industrial motors.
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