1. System Platform for Automotive Electronics – OSEK/VDX The OSEK/VDX specification provides a comprehensive definition and regulation of the automotive electronic control software development platform, covering aspects such as Real-Time Operating System (RTOS), software interfaces, communication, and network management. The Open Systems and the Corresponding Interfaces for Automotive Electronics specification is abbreviated as the OSEK specification. The OSEK/VDX standard comprises four parts: OSEK Operating System (OSEK OS), OSEK Communication (OSEK COM), OSEK Network Management (OSEK NM), and OSEK Implementation Language (OSEK OIL). Using an embedded real-time operating system compliant with the OSEK/VDX standard can improve code reusability, reduce development costs, and shorten product development cycles. The application architecture using an embedded real-time operating system compatible with the OSEK/VDX standard is shown in the figure below. OSEK/VDX Compatible Operating System Application Architecture 2. OSEK/VDX Task Management OSEK/VDX divides tasks into basic tasks and extended tasks. Basic tasks have three states: running, ready, and suspended; extended tasks add a waiting state compared to basic tasks. Basic tasks only have synchronization points at the beginning and end. Extended tasks may enter a waiting state during runtime, therefore they have synchronization points not only at the beginning and end, but also multiple synchronization points during runtime. The following diagram shows the state transitions between extended and basic tasks. OSEK Task Types Defined by the OS Specification 3. OSEK Implementation Language Specification To achieve software portability, the OSEK OIL Specification defines a method for configuring and using OSEK applications. The following diagram illustrates an application development process that conforms to the OSEK specification. OIL files can be handwritten or generated by system configuration tools. OSEK-Based Application Development Process OIL provides a mechanism for configuring OSEK applications on a specific CPU. Each CPU corresponds to one OIL description. All OSEK system objects are described using OIL objects. An OSEK application's OIL description is a combination of OIL objects. The CPU is a container for these OIL objects. OIL explicitly defines all standard properties for each OIL object. Each OSEK application can define additional special execution properties and references. Each OSEK application can restrict the value range of each property. 4. Development Process of Automotive Control Electronic Products Automotive control electronic products are embedded systems combining software and hardware. To save resources and shorten product development cycles, a simultaneous software and hardware development approach is generally adopted. Development tools for automotive control electronic products provide excellent support for simultaneous software and hardware development and debugging. Software development for automotive control electronic products includes functional description, software design, code generation, and advanced debugging under the operating system environment. Hardware development for automotive control electronic products includes hardware description, hardware design, and hardware debugging. After the software design is completed, verification is performed on a virtual ECU platform using appropriate tools. After the hardware design is completed, software and hardware integration and debugging are performed together with the hardware. This development approach shortens the time to market. 5. Software Development Process for Automotive Control Electronic Products The software development process for automotive control electronic products is a "V"-shaped development process. The "V"-shaped development process consists of five stages: functional design, prototype simulation, code generation, hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation, and calibration. The main tool used in the functional design stage is MATLAB. Using tools such as Simulink and Stateflow provided by MATLAB, tasks such as control scheme design, functional module design, and control algorithm design are completed, and preliminary simulation work is performed. The main tool used in the prototype simulation stage is dSPACE. The Rapid Control Prototyping (RCP) tool provided by dSPACE is used to complete offline simulation work. Before starting this stage, tools such as Real-Time Workshop and Targetlink are needed to convert the code generated by Simulink, Stateflow, etc., to standard C code. 6. Code Generation Process for Automotive Control Electronic Products During the conversion to standard C code, an embedded real-time operating system conforming to the OSEK specification can be added as needed. The main tool used in the code generation stage is CodeWarrior. Using the compiler, debugger, and other tools provided by CodeWarrior, the conversion from standard C code to product code on the target hardware platform is completed. The following diagram illustrates the code generation process for automotive control electronic products. 7. Automotive Electronic Systems Classification Automotive electronic products can be divided into two main categories: 1. Automotive electronic control devices, including powertrain control, chassis and body electronic control, comfort and anti-theft systems. 2. In-vehicle electronic devices, including automotive information systems (on-board computers), navigation systems, automotive audio-visual entertainment systems, in-vehicle communication systems, in-vehicle networks, etc. The diagram below illustrates the classification of automotive electronic systems.