The lithium manganese dioxide battery is a typical organic electrolyte lithium battery. Invented and developed by Sanyo Electric Co., Ltd. of Japan in 1975, it was quickly brought to market. Its internal electrode structure can be designed and manufactured in carbon-coated, wound, or stacked configurations, and its shape can be designed and manufactured in coin, cylindrical, and square forms to meet the requirements of appliances of different sizes and currents. Compared with other lithium batteries, its material and manufacturing costs are relatively low, and its safety is excellent. Therefore, it is also the most widely used commercial lithium battery in the world today.
Working principle of lithium manganese dioxide battery
The lithium manganese dioxide battery uses metallic lithium as the negative electrode, appropriately heat-treated electrolytic manganese dioxide as the positive electrode, and an electrolyte composed of lithium perchlorate (or lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate) dissolved in a mixed solvent such as propylene carbonate/ethylene glycol dimethyl ether. Its discharge mechanism differs from the redox mechanism of general batteries; the positive electrode reaction is a typical intercalation reaction.
When the battery discharges, the lithium anode undergoes an oxidation reaction, forming lithium ions that dissolve in the electrolyte solution and migrate to the manganese dioxide cathode, where they are embedded in the manganese dioxide lattice and cause the manganese in the manganese dioxide to be reduced from tetravalent to trivalent.
Features of lithium manganese dioxide batteries
1. Relatively low price: The positive electrode active material, manganese dioxide, is electrolytically produced, which is one of the cheaper positive electrode active materials for lithium batteries and can be widely used;
2. Excellent battery electrical performance: Its specific energy is 5 to 10 times that of dry cell batteries (approximately 230Wh/kg or 500Wh/L), with a load voltage of 2.8V and relatively stable discharge voltage. It can operate within a temperature range of -40℃ to +50℃.
3. Long battery life: Under normal temperature conditions, the battery life exceeds 10 years, with an annual capacity degradation of approximately 1%;
4. Battery safety and reliability: No gas is released during storage and discharge, ensuring good safety;
5. Wide variety of battery types: Batteries include three main categories: button cells, cylindrical cells, and rectangular cells. Each category has batteries with different sizes and structures, and capacities ranging from tens of mAh to hundreds of mAh. Therefore, they can meet the requirements of a variety of applications.
