Solar photovoltaic cells (PV cells for short) are used to directly convert sunlight into electrical energy. Ground-based photovoltaic systems extensively use silicon solar cells, which are based on silicon and can be classified into monocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon, and amorphous silicon solar cells.
The solar cell module consists of high-efficiency crystalline silicon solar cells, ultra-white textured tempered glass, EVA, transparent TPT backsheet, and aluminum alloy frame. It features a long service life and strong mechanical resistance to external pressure.
The conventional structural forms of solar cell modules include the following: glass-cased structure, bottom box module, flat panel module, and fully sealed module without cover plate.
In short, solar photovoltaic cells are the core component of solar photovoltaic modules. Solar cells are mainly divided into crystalline silicon and amorphous silicon. The main raw material for crystalline silicon cells is silicon (simply put, it is sand or sand grains refined through a series of reactions), and then it is further divided into monocrystalline silicon and polycrystalline silicon according to different casting processes.
Monocrystalline and polycrystalline silicon wafers, along with polycrystalline silicon wafers, undergo texturing, diffusion, etching, coating, sintering, and testing processes to produce solar cells capable of generating electricity. Amorphous silicon solar cells, primarily made from amorphous silicon compounds, have a smaller market share.
Solar photovoltaic (PV) modules are primarily composed of solar cells. Simply put, the manufacturing process involves assembling an array of pre-arranged solar cells using encapsulation materials. The most common cell arrangements are 60 or 72 cells, which are connected in series using solder ribbons to form an array.
The main encapsulation materials for solar photovoltaic modules include backsheets, EVA, transparent glass, aluminum frames, and junction boxes. The main processes include: material preparation → cell sorting → welding → lamination → EL testing before lamination → lamination → EL testing after lamination → frame assembly → junction box assembly → curing → cleaning → IV testing → packaging.
