CNC systems are to machine tools what CPUs (Central Processing Units) are to computers—the brain, the heart. CNC technology is a crucial foundation for transforming traditional machining equipment industries and building digital enterprises, and its development has always attracted significant attention. CNC machine tools, with their superior flexible automation, excellent and stable precision, and agile and diverse functions, have garnered worldwide attention. They pioneered the development of mechatronics in mechanical products, thus making CNC technology a core technology in advanced manufacturing. On the other hand, continuous development and research, along with the deepening application of information technology, have further improved the performance and quality of CNC machine tools, making them important manufacturing equipment for national economic and defense development. Furthermore, CNC technology, characterized by high-precision servo control and multi-motion collaborative control, shares common technological foundations with automatic artillery control, radar control, and gyro navigation control technologies, exhibiting typical dual-use characteristics. Precisely because of the dual-use nature of CNC technology, the international competitive environment has shown a clear intention to curb the rise of Chinese CNC technology. From the COCOM (Committee on Coordination of International Organizations for Multilateral Export Controls) and the Cox Report's technology blockade phase, to joint ventures, localized production, dumping of low-end products, and the weakening of China's domestic R&D capabilities, all these actions demonstrate an intent to contain China. Numerous facts prove that our attempts to exchange technology for market access have proven to be wishful thinking; the result is often the loss of market share without any return on technology. Currently, controller giants led by Japan's FANUC and SIEMENS monopolize over 80% of the market, not only monopolizing high-end products but also restricting imports into China. Through nearly 20 years of continuous technological breakthroughs and market cultivation, China has given rise to a number of CNC manufacturers, opening up the low-to-mid-end market and achieving a certain market scale. However, in the technology-intensive mid-to-high-end controller market, the scale of domestically produced controllers remains compressed, profit margins are squeezed, and the R&D system cannot support sustainable technological progress. Industry experts frankly admit that "China's CNC machine tool technology lags behind that of developed countries by at least 15 years." Japanese international economist Keitaro Hasegawa published an article titled "China's Future Depends on Japan" in the May 2005 issue of the Japanese monthly magazine "Voice." The article states that in the automotive manufacturing industry, machine tools producing car parts operate for an average of 3,500 hours per year, and only Japanese-made machine tools can guarantee consistent performance for five consecutive years. "Without Japanese machine tools, China's automotive industry would be unable to move forward." Keitaro Hasegawa predicts that China's dependence on Japan will only increase, not decrease. This means that "Japan is increasingly capable of controlling China." Objectively analyzing this article, and setting aside the frenzied mentality of a few Japanese scholars, focusing solely on the gap in key components and products of manufacturing equipment, represented by CNC systems, the article's viewpoint should awaken our sense of crisis. The main means to break the foreign containment of our CNC technology is to reduce dependence on foreign technology, select key technologies with supporting technological conditions as breakthroughs, and proactively achieve breakthroughs to gain the initiative in competition. With the support of advancements in computer hardware and software technology and communication technology over the past decade, CNC technology possesses the conditions for a key technological breakthrough. From an industry perspective, the basic characteristics of CNC controller products can be summarized as dedicated industrial computers; servo drive system products are characterized by dedicated industrial power supplies for driving motors; and servo motor products are characterized by high-precision motors equipped with high-precision position feedback components. Based on these product characteristics, from an industry perspective, China is fully capable of developing a high-end CNC system industry, and its production capacity for some products with similar industry characteristics is among the world's leading. Therefore, looking beyond the narrow field of motion controller manufacturing and considering the overall landscape of Chinese industry, breakthroughs in the CNC system industry are supported by the necessary industrial conditions. Another characteristic of the CNC system industry is the software-based nature of its technology. The software running on digital controllers and servo drives carries the implementation of the system's main functions and performance. Therefore, competition in this industry will increasingly transform into an intellectual contest based on software technology, control technology, and manufacturing technology, and an engineering contest characterized by technological integration. The key to countering containment is building an independent innovation platform suitable for the growth of core technology systems, shifting from passive technological catching-up to proactive technological confrontation. High-end CNC technology is not merely a matter of controllers, but a complex group of technical disciplines involving motors, drives, measurement, communication, computer hardware and software technologies, as well as machine tool testing and simulation technologies. These technical aspects all impact the final equipment control performance. Let's take high-speed, high-precision, and high-response motion control as an example. According to publicly available materials from FANUC, improving control resolution to nanometers can double the precision and surface quality of the processed product. However, this requires a comprehensive upgrade of the controller's technology. For the realization of high-speed motion control technology, motion trajectory analysis and prediction based on a read-ahead mechanism are essential. This mechanism places higher demands on the system architecture. Trajectory smoothing and jerk control are necessary techniques to avoid impacts in high-speed motion control. The interpolator's computational precision needs to be improved from 1 µm to 1 nm, the computational word length needs to be increased by three bits, and the effective computational precision needs to be improved by three orders of magnitude. The software platform must support the corresponding word length computation. On the other hand, the control cycle time also needs to be increased accordingly; otherwise, simply improving instruction precision is meaningless. This naturally places higher demands on the system's computational load, requiring a higher-speed system hardware platform. Achieving this resolution solely within the controller is insufficient; this control quantity must also be sent to the servo drive device. Due to the expansion of the effective word length and the increase in control cycle time, the corresponding communication bandwidth requirement also needs to be increased. For servo communication, a digital approach is essential; pulse-based methods and analog methods with position pulse feedback are insufficient. Clearly, higher precision control is required on the servo side. This necessitates higher-precision position feedback components. Currently, internationally, high-precision servo sensors have reached 2-4 million lines, enabling nanometer-level control in conjunction with existing mechanical devices. Domestically produced controllers typically use sensors with around 2000 or 2500 lines. This technological gap directly hinders the speed ratio and stability of our drive devices. High-resolution sensors also present another challenge: the sensor interface. Clearly, AB pulse interfaces are unsuitable at this resolution. A high-speed digital communication protocol that ensures synchronous sampling by the controller is crucial. Furthermore, achieving high-precision servo control itself is paramount. FANUC emphasizes HRV (High Response Vector Control), and Mitsubishi emphasizes OMR (Optimized Mechanical Response Control), both pointing to the core issue of high-precision servo control: high-precision, fast-response current loop design. Only a good current loop characteristic can lay the foundation for effective speed and position control. Many control technologies can play a role in resolving this core contradiction, including various state recognition methods, sliding mode control, and variable parameter control. Achieving high-precision control requires more than just controllers and servo drives. Motor design itself is a crucial factor directly influencing motion control performance. For permanent magnet synchronous servo motors, good back-EMF sine rotation and minimal cogging force are highly beneficial for achieving smooth low-speed control in servo drives. Many manufacturers of high-precision drive devices are also motor manufacturers. In many domestic research institutions, motor technology and servo drive technology are often separated, with some even lacking motor technology support and focusing solely on servo drives. In researching high-precision motion control, simulation technology will significantly reduce the time and implementation costs associated with control algorithm research. While simulation technology is essential, it is also necessary to develop relevant experimental platforms to evaluate the effectiveness of motion control and the performance of servo drives and motors. For example, how to evaluate low-speed smoothness and stiffness. The above example of high-speed, high-precision motion control technology illustrates that high-end controller technology is a tightly coupled group of technical disciplines. A high-end CNC technology innovation system should possess a complete technology chain; therefore, we call such a system a "technology innovation platform." The investment required to build such a technological innovation platform is enormous. Take Japan's FANUC as an example: maintaining technological leadership and ranking first in the world in production volume, the company currently has 3,674 employees, including over 600 research personnel, a monthly production capacity of 7,000 sets, and accounts for 50% of the global market share. Its R&D investment is 10% of sales revenue, amounting to hundreds of millions of US dollars annually. Clearly, supporting such a platform under China's current research conditions is extremely difficult for a single enterprise or institution. We can only achieve technological leaps by forming a new type of industry-academia-research innovation organization—integrating technological resources—through enterprise technological innovation alliances that include universities and other research institutions, with the industrial chain and technological linkages as the intrinsic links. This requires supporting and guiding relevant national policies to create a closely coupled innovation technology platform that integrates multiple technologies. We must fully utilize new technologies in the general technology field, grasp the development trends of CNC core technologies, and selectively pursue and avoid certain areas. China's equipment controller industry, currently in a state of lagging competition, must fully utilize new technologies, grasp the development direction of CNC technology, and selectively pursue and avoid certain areas based on its own circumstances to form a late-mover advantage, accelerate technological progress, and achieve catching up and leapfrogging. First, it is necessary to clarify the development direction of CNC technology in China. We can draw inspiration from the export restrictions imposed on China by SIEMENS CNC systems. Most of these functions are considered to directly impact the core competitiveness of European equipment. Analyzing these functions, we can summarize several important technological development directions for high-end controllers: 1) Control technology for complex motion laws. The "2D+6 spiral interpolation," "5-axis machining program package," and "multi-axis interpolation (>4 axes)" in the table above all belong to this technological direction. Motion control of complex surfaces and curves is a fundamental technology in CNC fundamentals and is also a practical requirement for manufacturing equipment. In particular, five-axis machining control technology is the basic supporting technology for machining complex curved surfaces. This technology is a key technology related to the aerospace manufacturing industry, weapons manufacturing industry, and power equipment manufacturing industry. 2) Multi-axis coupling relationship motion control. "Transfer (robot) package," "1D/3D gap control in position control cycle," "overhang compensation, multi-dimensional," "active numerical coupling and curve list interpolation," "electronic gear unit," "continuous correction," and "measurement level 2" all embody the above characteristics. The common feature of the above functions is that the motion of a certain coordinate axis is no longer executed by a planned trajectory, but has a certain coupling or cooperative relationship with the motion or logical quantity of other axes. That is, the real-time interpolation process also introduces other control factors. The above functions are obviously very necessary for complex equipment and are an important supplement to classical interpolation motion control. 3) Open structure. "Open structure NC core compilation loop" and "synchronous operation" both belong to this technical direction. The "open structure NC core compilation loop" engine allows users to add their own written control functions to the system and execute them periodically according to the specified execution frequency. "Synchronous operation" allows users to define the execution conditions and actions in the form of a high-level language. These two functions respectively reflect different levels of openness in the control system: one is the openness of the execution engine, and the other is the openness of the user language level. This type of technology is obviously beneficial for OEMs to respond quickly to process requirements, integrate their proprietary technologies into the controller, and develop controllers with their own characteristics, greatly expanding the control capabilities of the controller. 4) Integration with servo control technology. "Internal drive variable evaluation" belongs to this technical direction. The performance of the servo drive device directly affects the control performance of the entire CNC system and the performance of the entire equipment. Therefore, servo drive-related technologies have become an important foundation for high-end controller technologies. Due to the characteristics of embedded systems in servo drive devices, and the limitations of computing resources, storage resources, and human-computer interaction capabilities, the visualization and optimization of servo system parameters need to be achieved through a higher-level digital controller. Therefore, the integration of controller technology and servo drive technology has become an important direction for the development of CNC technology. This technical characteristic can be seen in many controller products. The above four technical directions are crucial for the advancement of digital equipment. China's CNC technology lags significantly behind in these areas, and this should be our focus. Conclusion The progress and development of CNC technology in China, besides the inherent technological challenges, also requires encouragement and support from national policies, as well as support from manufacturing equipment manufacturers. In particular, it is crucial to address the application demonstration projects of the first set of equipment. On the one hand, this involves quantifying the differences in CNC technology levels between domestic and international manufacturers, clarifying the direction for efforts in developing domestically produced controllers; on the other hand, it aims to break the myth of imported brands, providing opportunities for the application and promotion of domestically produced CNC products. The Chinese CNC machine tool industry, represented by companies such as Huazhong CNC, Guangzhou CNC, Shenyang CNC, Dalian CNC, and Qizhong CNC, has shifted from "primarily relying on technology import, digestion, and absorption" to "mainly relying on independent innovation," forging a path of CNC technology development with Chinese characteristics. Catching up with the world's advanced levels in CNC technology is a long and arduous task. However, it is believed that under the social atmosphere of building an innovative nation, through a new industry-university-research innovation model centered on enterprises, and by fully utilizing new technologies in the general technology field to achieve the integration of manufacturing, control, and computer technologies, and through persistent efforts and independent innovation, gradually breaking through technological blockades and containment, and accelerating technological progress, there is great hope.