Because the current and voltage of a single solar cell are very small, we connect them in series to obtain a high voltage, then connect them in parallel to obtain a high current, and finally output the current through a diode (to prevent current backflow). We then encapsulate them in a stainless steel metal casing, install the top glass, fill with nitrogen, and seal it. This entire assembly is called a module, also known as a photovoltaic module or solar cell module.
Materials for solar photovoltaic modules
1. Glass: Ultra-white textured tempered glass, 3.2mm thick, with a light transmittance of over 91% within the wavelength range of solar cell spectral response (320-1100nm), resistant to ultraviolet radiation, and its light transmittance does not decrease. Components made of tempered glass can withstand the impact of a 25mm diameter ice puck at a speed of 23m/s.
2. EVA: A high-quality EVA film with a thickness of 0.5mm serves as a sealant for solar cells and a bonding agent between the solar cells and glass/TPT. It has high light transmittance and anti-aging properties.
3. TPT: The back side of the solar cell, which has basic requirements such as aging resistance, corrosion resistance, UV radiation resistance, and air impermeability.
4. Frame: The aluminum alloy frame used has high strength and strong resistance to mechanical impact.
Application areas of solar photovoltaic modules
1. User solar power supply: (1) Small power supply ranging from 10 to 100W, used for electricity for military and civilian life in remote areas without electricity, such as plateaus, islands, pastoral areas, and border outposts, such as lighting, television, radios, etc.; (2) 3-5KW household rooftop grid-connected power generation system; (3) Photovoltaic water pump: solve the problem of drinking water and irrigation from deep wells in areas without electricity.
2. Transportation sector: such as navigation lights, traffic/railway signal lights, traffic warning/sign lights, Yuxiang streetlights, high-altitude obstruction lights, highway/railway wireless telephone booths, unattended track maintenance station power supply, etc.
3. Communications/Telecommunications Field: Solar-powered unattended microwave relay stations, optical cable maintenance stations, broadcasting/communication/paging power systems; rural carrier telephone photovoltaic systems, small communication devices, and GPS power supply for soldiers, etc.
4. Petroleum, marine, and meteorological fields: solar power systems for cathodic protection of oil pipelines and reservoir gates, living and emergency power supplies for oil drilling platforms, marine monitoring equipment, meteorological/hydrological observation equipment, etc.
5. Power supplies for household lighting fixtures: such as garden lights, street lights, portable lights, camping lights, mountaineering lights, fishing lights, black lights, rubber tapping lights, energy-saving lamps, etc.
6. Photovoltaic power stations: 10KW-50MW independent photovoltaic power stations, wind-solar (diesel) hybrid power stations, and various large parking lot charging stations, etc.
7. Solar Buildings: Combining solar power generation with building materials to enable large-scale buildings to achieve self-sufficiency in electricity is a major future development trend.
8. Other fields include: (1) Automotive-related: solar-powered cars/electric vehicles, battery charging equipment, car air conditioners, ventilation fans, refrigerators, etc.; (2) Solar-powered hydrogen production and fuel cell regenerative power generation systems; (3) Seawater desalination equipment power supply; (4) Satellites, spacecraft, space solar power stations, etc.
