In 1972, China's first robot was born and exhibited in Shanghai. Thirty years have passed since then. Some argue that the 1970s were the nascent stage of robotics in my country, while the most rapid development occurred after the launch of the 863 Program. Due to space limitations, we cannot comprehensively review the successes and failures of Chinese robotics over the past 30 years. Instead, we will briefly discuss some important achievements of Chinese robotics after the 863 Program, hoping to offer a glimpse into its progress. Among the major achievements, underwater robot technology naturally comes to the forefront. Before the 863 Program, my country developed tethered remotely operated underwater robots, with an operating depth of only 300 meters. After the launch of the 863 Program, and following six years of arduous research, my country's underwater robots finally achieved a leap from tethered to untethered operation, although at that time their operating depth was still only 1000 meters. Starting in June 1992, my country began collaborating with Russia to develop a 6000-meter untethered underwater autonomous robot (with China playing a leading role). The pressure at a depth of 6000 meters on the ocean floor reaches 600 atmospheres. Steel plates only a few millimeters thick can be crushed like eggshells. Under such high pressure, the sealing performance of electrical equipment, connecting cables, and plugs became a major challenge; even the slightest leak could destroy an entire component or even the entire electronic control system. There were also issues with underwater communication, camera systems, and other aspects, making the development process extremely difficult. In August 1995, the CR-01 6000-meter untethered underwater autonomous robot was finally successfully developed. In 1991, the China Ocean Mineral Resources Research and Development Association was approved by the United Nations as the fifth pioneering investor in deep-sea mining. Undertaking the exploration of 300,000 square kilometers of ocean floor and ultimately possessing priority mining rights over 75,000 square kilometers of the richest mineral resources: The expert group assessed the success of CR-01 as no less significant than the launch of the artificial Earth satellite CR-01 in the 1960s. This torpedo-like device is 4.374 meters long, 0.8 meters wide, and 0.93 meters high. Its mass in air is 1305.15 kg. It has a maximum diving depth of 6000 meters, a maximum underwater speed of 2 knots, an endurance of 10 hours, and a positioning accuracy of 10-15 meters. It can not only navigate along a predetermined route (unmanned and untethered), but also perform photography, seabed topography and profile measurements, search and observation of seabed sediments, hydrophysical measurements, and measurement of the abundance of polymetallic nodules on the seabed at a depth of 6000 meters. It can also automatically record various data and their corresponding coordinates. After reviewing the achievements of this underwater robot… Many might scoff, but the problem likely lies in its "torpedo-like" body. In this era of aesthetics, even with a thousand reasons to avoid the topic of humanoid robots, they will eventually have to make their appearance. To be frank, my country's research on humanoid robots still lags behind the world's advanced levels. However, our numerous research achievements have laid a solid foundation for future development. Moreover, humanoid robots are an integration of multiple basic disciplines and high technologies, representing the cutting edge of robotics. Therefore, the gap should not be misunderstood as a sign of low skill levels; in fact, our achievements belong to the ranks of advanced technologies. In 2000, my country's first humanoid robot, "Pioneer," was unveiled at the National University of Defense Technology, marking a major breakthrough in my country's robotics technology. "Pioneer" has a human-like body, head, eyes, arms, and legs, possesses certain language functions, and can walk dynamically. Don't underestimate this seemingly ordinary "human structure"; our preparations for it have lasted for more than a decade. Even something as small as a joint was once incredibly difficult and groundbreaking. Among the most noteworthy are the truly dexterous hands. my country began researching and developing dexterous hands in the late 1980s, with experiments conducted at the Robotics Institute of Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics. Today, dexterous hands can skillfully grasp and manipulate objects of different materials and shapes; they can perform complex assembly and handling operations, showing immense promise in aerospace, medical care, and other fields. A dexterous hand has three fingers, each with three joints, for a total of nine degrees of freedom; micromotors are housed inside the hand; each joint is equipped with joint angle sensors; and the fingertips have three-dimensional sensors; it employs a two-dimensional distributed computer real-time control system. While dexterous hands are incredibly skillful, they also have limitations. Grabbing an egg is remarkable, but its ability to operate within a 20mm diameter pipe is questionable. In such spaces, micro-robots and micro-operating systems are undoubtedly superior. The 20mm inner diameter pipe example mentioned earlier is actually from a nuclear power plant. At the power station, there are many such pipes, making automated maintenance extremely difficult, and the working environment for workers is extremely harsh. The "Small Industrial Pipeline Robotic Mobile Detector Integration System" developed by Shanghai University has demonstrated its advantages. This system can complete challenging tasks such as moving and detecting cracks and defects inside pipes as small as 20 mm. The "All-Optical Biological Micro-Operating System" developed by the University of Science and Technology of China differs from traditional mechanical processing systems. It performs optical processing on biological cells, organelles, and other tiny particles without any mechanical contact. Laser optical tweezers can easily drag particles in three-dimensional space to accurately position them, thereby completing tasks such as sorting particles (or cells). Laser optical knives can perform perforation, gene transmission, organelle cutting, welding, and other processing on the "workpieces" held by the optical tweezers. Another feature of optical processing is that it can penetrate deep into the particle (or cell) interior for micro-manipulation or micro-processing without damaging the particle (or cell) surface. This system has been successfully applied to biomedical research such as selective cell fusion, chromosome cutting and sorting, peripheral conduction, cell membrane elasticity measurement, and antibody-antigen binding force measurement. Many of you have probably already noticed the robot soccer tournament in "Intelligent Robots," so how are China's robot soccer teams doing? The 4th RobeCup Robot World Cup Soccer Conference was held in Albany, Övli, from August 25th to September 3rd, 2000. In the simulation group competition with 40 teams participating, the Chinese scientific team "Blue Eagle" scored 20 goals and conceded only 3, ultimately finishing 9th. The "Blue Eagle" team was the first and, to date, the only Chinese team to qualify for the RoboCup World Cup Soccer Tournament. While many robots have been featured in publications, none have yet entered the mainstream of robotics—industrial robots. my country's industrial robots started in the 1970s, underwent a period of arduous development in the 1980s, and entered a period of practical application in the 1990s. However, just as the project was moving towards practical application, a difficult hurdle emerged. In May 1995, Jiang Xinsong and Li Yaotong, chief scientists in the field of automation under the 863 Program, led a team of experts to Shanghai to investigate the application of industrial robots. However, this investigation was not successful. Although some large enterprises needed robots, they clearly stated that they were not prepared to use them. In response to the practical application issue, in May 1995, after investigation and preparation, Li Yaotong led the team to launch the HI-100A spot welding robot development project. The goal was to develop a spot welding robot with a load capacity of 100 kg that could be practically applied in China's FAW Group. Li Yaotong also specifically proposed that our technology should be usable by enterprises, reliable, practical, and easy for enterprise personnel to maintain and repair. He called it "practical, easy to use, and easy to operate." On July 15, 1996, on the occasion of the 40th anniversary of FAW Manufacturing Plant, the HI-100 spot welding robot was finally successfully developed and a grand unveiling ceremony was held. The success of the HT-100 spot welding robot holds extraordinary significance in the history of industrial robots in China; however, it is also a tragic story. In January 1996, the state issued application guidelines for intelligent robots, and Li Yaotong prepared to combine this with project approval to attract another batch of application companies to implement robot application projects. Just as he was busy with this, he was diagnosed with late-stage liver cancer. In June 1996, despite being ill, he attended a special report at the 10th anniversary exhibition of the 863 Program in Liaoning and was subsequently hospitalized. However, his condition deteriorated rapidly, and in October, Li Yaotong passed away in the hospital. "His mission was cut short, and he died before achieving his goal, leaving behind only sorrow for heroes." This brilliant graduate of Tsinghua University's Department of Automatic Control in 1967, and a postdoctoral fellow at NASA's Center for Space Automation and Robotics, dedicated his last drop of blood to the robotics engineering of his motherland. Academician Jiang Xinsong sent a condolence message the day after Li Yaotong's death. However, unexpectedly, less than six months later, Jiang Xinsong himself also forever departed from his unfinished work. Today, as we celebrate the remarkable achievements of Chinese robotics, we wonder if those pioneers who devoted themselves to this great cause, even sacrificing their lives, are smiling in the afterlife?