I. What are the uses of CNC machine tools?
CNC machine tools are mechatronic machining equipment that utilizes information processing technology for automatic machining control. Different CNC machine tools have different uses, among which CNC lathes are the most widely used and have the broadest application in China.
A CNC machine tool is an automated machine tool equipped with a program control system, which mainly consists of four parts: control medium, CNC device, servo system and machine tool body.
It integrates the latest technologies in mechanics, automation, computer science, measurement, and microelectronics, and uses a variety of sensors. The sensors used in CNC machine tools mainly include photoelectric encoders, linear gratings, proximity switches, temperature sensors, Hall effect sensors, current sensors, voltage sensors, pressure sensors, liquid level sensors, rotary transformers, inductive synchros, and speed sensors.
So what are the uses of CNC machine tools?
1. It can operate the machine tool and process parts according to a pre-programmed sequence. It integrates the latest technologies in mechanics, automation, computers, measurement, and microelectronics, and utilizes a variety of sensors.
2. The sensors used in CNC machine tools mainly include photoelectric encoders, linear gratings, proximity switches, temperature sensors, Hall sensors, current sensors, voltage sensors, pressure sensors, liquid level sensors, rotary transformers, inductive synchros, speed sensors, etc., which are mainly used to detect position, linear and angular displacement, speed, pressure, temperature, etc.
II. Composition of CNC Machine Tools
1. CNC system
The numerical control system is the core component of a CNC machine tool, mainly composed of input/output devices, numerical control devices, programmable logic controllers (PLCs), servo drives, etc.
1.1 Input/Output Devices
Input/output devices mainly include keyboards, monitors, disk drives, network interfaces, etc., and are used to input, display, and store machining programs.
1.2 CNC Device
The CNC unit is the core component of a CNC system, responsible for interpreting, processing, and controlling the motion of the machining program. It is typically implemented using a high-performance microprocessor or a dedicated chip.
1.3 Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)
A PLC is a dedicated controller used to implement the control logic of machine tools. It features flexible programming and high reliability. It is responsible for controlling functions such as starting, stopping, emergency stopping, and tool changing of the machine tool.
1.4 Servo Driver
A servo driver is the interface between a CNC system and a servo motor. It is responsible for receiving control commands from the CNC system and driving the servo motor to move along a predetermined motion trajectory.
2. Servo System
Servo systems are key components for achieving high-precision, high-speed motion control in CNC machine tools, and mainly consist of servo motors, drivers, position detectors, etc.
2.1 Servo Motor
A servo motor is a high-precision, high-response motor capable of precise speed and position control. Common servo motors include DC servo motors and AC servo motors.
2.2 Driver
A driver is the control component of a servo motor, responsible for receiving control commands from the CNC system and driving the servo motor to move along a predetermined trajectory. Drivers are typically implemented using high-performance digital signal processors (DSPs) or dedicated chips.
2.3 Position Detector
Position detectors are used to monitor the real-time operating status of servo motors, such as position and speed, and feed the results back to the CNC system. Common position detectors include photoelectric encoders and magneto-electric encoders.
3. Machine tool body
The machine tool body is the mechanical part of a CNC machine tool, including components such as the bed, column, slide, and spindle box. The design and manufacturing quality of the machine tool body directly affects the accuracy and stability of the CNC machine tool.
3.1 Bed frame
The machine bed is a fundamental component of a machine tool, used to support other parts of the machine tool. Machine beds are typically made of high-strength, high-rigidity materials, such as cast iron and steel.
3.2 Columns
The column is the vertical support component of a machine tool, used to support the slide and spindle box. The design and manufacturing quality of the column directly affects the rigidity and stability of the machine tool.
3.3 Slide table
A slide table is a transverse motion component of a machine tool, used to perform transverse machining of workpieces. The design and manufacturing quality of the slide table directly affects the machining accuracy and efficiency of the machine tool.
3.4 Spindle Box
The spindle box is a rotating component of a machine tool, used to mount and drive the spindle. The design and manufacturing quality of the spindle box directly affects the machining accuracy and stability of the machine tool.
