Abstract: This paper describes the system architecture, workflow, and functional modules of a GIS-based power distribution equipment operation monitoring system, as well as its practical application. It proposes that real-time monitoring and data analysis of power distribution equipment can improve the operation and management level of the power distribution network. Keywords: Power distribution equipment, GIS, monitoring technology. To meet the needs of power distribution network development, and drawing on years of experience in power distribution network monitoring technology applications, the Shenbei New District Rural Power Bureau of Shenyang City proposed and developed a "GIS-based power distribution network equipment operation monitoring system." This system is built on the basis of a power geographic information system, with the fundamental purpose of enabling the background monitoring system to judge and analyze logical information related to fault points and automatically extract relevant information, which is highly suitable for the needs of the rapid development of power distribution networks. This paper describes the system architecture, workflow, and functional modules of the "GIS-based power distribution network equipment operation monitoring system," and, based on the monitoring situation of power distribution equipment on four lines (Daoyi Line, Fangxiao Line, Development Line 1, and Development Line 2) of the Shenbei New District Rural Power Bureau, concludes that real-time monitoring and data analysis of power distribution equipment can improve the operation and management level of the power distribution network. 1. Composition of the GIS-Based Power Distribution Equipment Operation Monitoring System 1.1 System Composition The architecture of this system consists of three parts: a monitoring master station, a communication link, and monitoring terminals. The monitoring master station is the hub of this system, located in the bureau's dispatch center, and comprises a main workstation, a front-end processor, and a database server. The main workstation serves as the window for dispatchers to query and manage monitored power distribution equipment. It displays power distribution line and equipment information on an electronic map corresponding to their actual geographical locations using GIS. The front-end processor and database server are connected to the main workstation via a data bus, and their security is ensured through monitoring and dual-machine backup. The monitoring system uses the Oracle 9i database platform, capable of accommodating a large amount of user basic data and historical data, thus providing a faster and more stable operating environment. The GIS function utilizes the internationally renowned ArcGIS platform. The communication link uses GPRS data transmission. GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) is suitable for intermittent, bursty, or frequent data transmission, as well as occasional large-volume data transmission, perfectly suited to the stable operation and sudden fault conditions of the power distribution network. Utilizing real-time online, high-speed, and highly reliable GPRS technology, the massive amounts of collected data are transmitted completely and accurately to the monitoring master station. Based on current communication needs, the system can simultaneously monitor 2000 monitoring points. Even with 10 switches simultaneously malfunctioning and frequently switching on and off, the system's response time will not exceed 2 seconds. Future development can utilize a cluster approach to meet larger-scale and higher-level monitoring requirements. The monitoring terminal is located at the field power distribution equipment end and consists of two parts: a measurement monitor and a communication module. The measurement monitor is directly connected to the power distribution equipment, capable of measuring and adjusting the control of the equipment. It allows data to be stored locally for 15-30 days for fault analysis. It connects to the communication module via a COM interface. This structure is suitable for unified monitoring and distributed management of power networks. 1.2 System Workflow The system's workflow consists of three processes: acquisition, analysis, and processing. The monitoring terminal completes the real-time acquisition and transmission of equipment and line information data. The monitoring master station analyzes the accumulated massive amounts of data and changes in line parameters, thereby monitoring the power distribution network and handling faults. The system collects equipment operating parameters in real time. Based on this collected data, analysis is performed to quickly locate fault points using GIS (including active extraction and analysis of terminal equipment data), control switches to isolate faults, and even control the operation of ring network interlocking switches, reducing power outage time and scope. Simultaneously, it provides comprehensive data, offering monitoring personnel a complete overview of line conditions (including detailed line outlet information, switch actions and line details before and after actions, and operational information of switch logic-related analysis equipment, including transformers). When using manual execution, it provides a reference-based fault isolation implementation plan for scheme developers. Based on historical data analysis, it generates schemes for adjusting switch action settings, prompting control personnel to adopt appropriate schemes to maintain reasonable, economical, and reliable line operation. Given the relatively large seasonal load variations in power supply, this system can adjust switch control signals based on empirical setting values, actual load conditions, and seasonal load forecasts, using a combination of real-time and historical data analysis to provide setting adjustment schemes. Based on the collected data and the current status of the GIS equipment, it performs theoretical line loss calculations using methods such as the root mean square current method, the terminal current method, and the energy method, all of which can be used for real-time online line loss calculations. This provides theoretical data for production management. Based on equipment status, operational data, line loss data, and GIS geographic location information, a comprehensive analysis of the power grid architecture's rationality is conducted, and suggested optimization and modification plans are formulated, providing strong technical support and assurance for a safer, more stable, economical, and reliable power grid operation. 1.3 System Function Introduction According to the system architecture, the main functional modules are divided into two parts: the monitoring master station functional module and the monitoring terminal functional module. The monitoring master station, as the basic platform for GIS data and monitoring data display, mainly performs the following functions: GIS map display, monitoring data query and maintenance, remote setting of control parameters, and access control. The monitoring terminal functions as data acquisition and communication, and automatic fault isolation. When designing the installation location of the line monitoring terminal equipment, the following three aspects are mainly considered: first, the load distribution; second, the sequence of protection coordination; and third, the length of the line and the number of branches, ensuring that branch line faults do not cause the main switch to operate. When the main line fault occurs, the goal is to prevent the substation switch from operating. Therefore, when the distribution switch controller detects that the line current exceeds the protection value, it will activate the corresponding protection measures to trip the circuit breaker. The system diagnoses fault types and eliminates transient faults or inrush currents through several reclosing operations; for permanent faults, it promptly cuts off the fault current. Simultaneously, for large fault currents causing main line switches to operate, after successful fault isolation at the line branch, the affected main line and other lines will automatically resume power supply. This action information is transmitted back to the monitoring master station in real time. 2. Analysis of the Characteristics of the GIS-Based Power Distribution Equipment Operation Monitoring System Through the implementation of the pilot "GIS-based Power Distribution Equipment Operation Monitoring System," the Shenbei New District Rural Power Bureau has obtained timely and accurate comprehensive information on the operation of power distribution equipment on the Daoyi Line, Fangxiao Line, Development Line 1, and Development Line 2, establishing a foundation for data sharing and laying a good foundation for future system development. It has enabled rapid diagnosis and automatic isolation of faults in power distribution lines, reducing the scope of power outages and restoring power to non-faulty sections; ensuring the power distribution network operates in a safe, reliable, economical, and high-quality state. Its improvement in the advanced management level of power distribution network equipment is mainly reflected in the following aspects: Rapid fault location and response: Before the implementation of the "GIS-based Power Distribution Equipment Operation Monitoring System," the location of faults had to be manually investigated. This often results in large power outage areas, inaccurate fault location, long repair times, and low work efficiency, thus affecting power supply reliability. Decisions made under such circumstances are often poorly targeted and time-sensitive. After the implementation of this system, due to the adoption of a real-time monitoring system, the switch controllers (reclosing controllers and circuit breaker controllers) at the monitoring terminals will act quickly to eliminate the fault; simultaneously, voice alarms will be displayed on the GIS geographic map and line topology map to indicate the fault location and monitoring terminal action information, and the affected area of ​​the line will be rendered. This rapid response mechanism provides decision-makers with accurate fault locations and characteristics of the surrounding environment, gaining valuable time for repair work and effectively controlling the power outage time and scope. Remote control value setting: The implemented monitoring system adopts a C/S structure, supplemented by a wireless communication module, enabling accurate and quick remote setting of control values. Remote setting is mainly reflected in two aspects: First, the setting can be completed in the dispatch room, eliminating on-site steps, and multiple monitoring devices on the line can be adjusted uniformly, reflecting timeliness and simultaneity; second, based on real-time online monitoring of various parameter changes of the four distribution lines, a large amount of basic data has been accumulated, providing a rich data foundation for statistical analysis of line changes. It avoids "false trips" caused by unreasonable current limiting value settings and action sequence coordination of switches, improving the management level of these four lines and ensuring the reliability of line operation. It provides a platform for rational distribution network planning and data integration: The implementation of the GIS-based real-time monitoring system provides a platform for rational distribution network planning and data integration. Through real-time monitoring of distribution equipment, the operating parameters of the distribution network can be grasped in real time, historical fault records can be queried, and various factors such as geographical environment, distribution network line allocation, and power supply radius can be comprehensively considered in the GIS environment, thus providing a platform to assist in decision-making for network optimization planning and evaluation. The currently implemented "GIS-based Distribution Network Equipment Operation Monitoring System" has established interfaces with the overall production operation management system, dispatch management system, marketing management system, and metering management system. This ensures complete consistency between the monitored equipment information and the equipment information in the geographic information system. All monitoring data obtained by the monitoring equipment can provide accurate and consistent information services to other systems through the existing interfaces of the geographic information system. This interface implementation guarantees that the information source for each business management information system of the Shenbei New District Rural Power Bureau is unique, accurate, and timely, truly achieving data sharing. This lays a solid foundation for comprehensive business management across the entire system. This direction is also an important direction for the informatization development of the entire power enterprise. 3. Conclusion Based on its technical exploration of power grid transformation, the Shenbei New District Rural Power Bureau developed the "GIS-based Distribution Network Equipment Operation Monitoring System" and conducted monitoring pilot projects on four lines: Fangxiao Line, Daoyi Line, Development Line 1, and Development Line 2. The entire design utilizes reclosers and circuit breaker (with reclosing function) terminals with measurement monitoring and GPRS wireless transmission capabilities. Built upon a power geographic information system, this system enables the backend monitoring system to analyze and automatically extract relevant information from fault points, ensuring the safe and reliable operation of power distribution lines, further improving power supply reliability, and shortening fault response time. It also automates the regional control of critical equipment actions such as setting remote equipment parameters and controlling switching operations. Furthermore, it provides comprehensive, accurate, highly integrated, and rich information for the economical operation design and planning of power distribution networks. Practice has proven that the system has achieved initial success in pilot operation.