The difference between lithium-ion batteries and lithium batteries:
The chemical name of a lithium thionyl chloride battery is Li·SOCl2, often abbreviated as lithium-thionyl chloride battery. Due to its special chemical properties and passivation effect, its annual self-discharge current is less than 1%, and its storage life is more than 10 years. Therefore, it is widely used as a power source in water meters, electricity meters, and gas meters.
Lithium-thionyl chloride batteries are disposable and cannot be recharged. Lithium-ion batteries are rechargeable and can be charged repeatedly.
The chemical name of a thionyl chloride battery is Li·SOCl2, often abbreviated as lithium-thionyl chloride battery. Due to its special chemical properties and passivation effect, its annual self-discharge current is less than 1%, and its storage life is over 10 years. Therefore, it is widely used as a power source in water meters, electricity meters, and gas meters.
Lithium-thionyl chloride batteries are disposable and cannot be recharged. Lithium-ion batteries are rechargeable and can be charged repeatedly.
The first part of this answer is correct, but the part about lithium batteries being rechargeable ((lithium batteries are rechargeable batteries and can be recharged repeatedly.)) is incorrect. Lithium batteries refer to disposable lithium primary batteries, including lithium-thionylene batteries, lithium-manganese batteries, lithium-sulfur batteries, and lithium-iron batteries, all of which are primary batteries and cannot be recharged. Rechargeable batteries are called storage batteries, specifically lithium-ion batteries, with a voltage of 3.7V. There are also lithium-ion batteries using lithium iron phosphate as the positive electrode material with a nominal voltage of 3.2V. Lithium-thionylene batteries are mainly used in smart meters (electricity meters, water meters, and gas meters) and for some special applications. However, your understanding is quite good; I've recently read a lot of information on this topic and noticed this difference. The terms "Lithium Battery" and "Lithium-ion Battery" are different in English, but we've simplified the Chinese version.
Both lithium-thionyl chloride (LTC) batteries and lithium-manganese (MHC) batteries are disposable lithium batteries, meaning they cannot be recharged once their capacity is depleted.
The full name of a lithium-thionyl chloride battery is lithium-thionyl chloride battery, Li-Socl2. The positive electrode is thionyl chloride, the open circuit voltage is 3.6V, and the termination voltage is 2.0V.
The full name of a lithium manganese battery is lithium manganese dioxide battery, Li-MnO2. The positive electrode is manganese dioxide, the open circuit voltage is 3.0V, and the termination voltage is 1.8V.
In addition to considering the operating voltage, users also need to consider the battery's capacity, pulse current, size, and the production level of each manufacturer when selecting a battery.
Lithium-thionyl chloride (LTC) batteries typically use steel casings. Wuhan Fuante Technology's LTC batteries use 304 food-grade stainless steel, while some unscrupulous manufacturers use iron casings to cut costs. Careful selection is crucial.
Lithium-manganese battery: Also known as a lithium-manganese dioxide battery (Li-MnO2). In a galvanic cell, metallic lithium serves as the anode and manganese dioxide as the cathode. The anode is the negative electrode, with electrons flowing from the negative to the positive electrode, and current flowing from the positive to the negative electrode. In an electrolytic cell, the anode is connected to the positive electrode, and the oxidation reaction at the anode occurs with anions in the solution. It corresponds to the cathode.
Small lithium batteries are commonly used in portable electronic devices such as PDAs, watches, camcorders, digital cameras, thermometers, calculators, laptop BIOS, communication devices, and remote car door locks. They come in many shapes and sizes, with the common variety being the 3-volt "coin" type manganese variety, typically 20 mm in diameter and 1.6-4 mm thick. The heavy power demands of many of these devices make lithium-ion batteries a particularly attractive option. Lithium batteries, in particular, can easily power heavy devices for short periods, such as digital cameras, and they maintain a higher voltage for a longer time than alkaline batteries.
Lithium-manganese batteries: Let's first understand the types of lithium batteries. Lithium-manganese batteries are currently the most widely used type of lithium button battery (originally called mercury batteries, but gradually replaced by lithium-manganese formulations due to pollution and capacity issues). The basic voltage is 3.0V, and the maximum capacity can reach 1200mAh. This battery can be designed to be thin, small, and high-capacity. In addition, its discharge curve is stable, so many high-tech products, such as motherboards, use it as a backup battery for memory. Furthermore, cylindrical lithium batteries have high capacity, low internal resistance, and can instantly discharge large currents, making them an excellent choice for the camera battery market. However, because its raw material, metallic lithium, has relatively high chemical reactivity, it is not advisable to use too much of it in the same battery to avoid the risk of explosion.
Lithium-manganese dioxide batteries use specially processed manganese dioxide as the positive electrode active material and high-potential, high-specific-energy metallic lithium as the negative electrode active material. The electrolyte is an organic electrolyte solution with good conductivity. The battery structure comes in two forms: fully sealed and semi-sealed. Naturally, fully sealed batteries offer better safety and shelf life than semi-sealed batteries.
The negative electrode of a lithium-manganese dioxide battery is metallic lithium, and the positive electrode active material is manganese dioxide. The electrolyte is the inorganic salt lithium perchlorate (LiClO4), dissolved in a mixed organic solvent of propylene carbonate (PC) and 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME). Its chemical formula is:
(-)Li/LiClO4—PC+DME/MnO2(+) Battery negative electrode reaction: Li→Li++e Positive electrode reaction: MnO2+Li++e→MnO2(Li+) Overall reaction: Li+MnO2→MnO2(Li+)
Fully sealed lithium manganese battery
Fully sealed lithium-manganese battery (2 images)
The reaction mechanism of lithium-manganese dioxide batteries differs from that of conventional batteries. In a non-aqueous organic solvent, lithium ions dissolved from the negative electrode migrate through the electrolyte into the MnO2 lattice, forming MnO2(Li+). Mn is reduced from +4 to +3 valence without any change in its crystal structure.
Lithium, atomic number 3, is the first element in the first main group of the periodic table. It is the lightest known metal (6.94) and has the most negative electrode potential (-3.045V). Its name comes from the Greek word meaning "stone." It was discovered in 1817 by the Swedish scientist Alfred Alfred while analyzing lithite. Due to its extremely negative potential, batteries constructed with suitable cathode materials exhibit superior electrical performance. Lithium-manganese dioxide batteries are the cheapest and safest type of primary lithium battery. Its open-circuit voltage is around 3.3V, load voltage is 2.8V, nominal voltage is 3.0V, and cutoff voltage is 2.0V. The discharge voltage is relatively stable, making it suitable for high-power discharge.
The Li/MnO2 electrochemical system can be manufactured with different designs and mechanisms to meet the diverse requirements of miniaturized and lightweight mobile power supplies for various applications. It can have multiple structural forms, including coin-type, carbon-packed, wound, and prismatic battery packs.
Coin battery
The manganese dioxide sheet faces the lithium disk negative electrode, separated by a non-woven polypropylene separator impregnated with electrolyte. The battery uses a rolled-edge compression seal. The battery casing serves as the positive terminal, while the cap serves as the negative terminal. This coin-operated battery has a lifespan of 3 years.
CR Button Cell Diagram of Lithium Manganese Battery
CR Button Cell Diagram of Lithium Manganese Battery
Battery discharge reaction
Negative electrode reaction: Li → Li++e-
Positive electrode reaction: Mn + 4O₂ + Li⁺ + e⁻ → Mn + 3O₂(Li⁺)
Overall discharge reaction: Mn + 4O₂ + Li → Mn + 3O₂(Li⁺)
The open-circuit voltage of a lithium-manganese dioxide battery is about 3V, and its stable discharge voltage is one of its major characteristics.
I. Main performance characteristics of the battery
1. Energy density
Lithium-manganese dioxide batteries have a voltage of over 3V, which is twice that of ordinary batteries. This means that electrical appliances can save space and reduce weight.
2. Discharge performance
Even after prolonged discharge, it maintains a stable operating voltage, which greatly improves the reliability of electrical appliances, making them maintenance-free (basically eliminating the need to replace batteries).
3. Temperature characteristics
The application of high-quality organic electrolyte solutions with good conductivity enables the battery to operate normally in a temperature range of -20℃ to 60℃. Through special processes and formulations, it can also meet the operating temperature requirements of -40℃ to 80℃.
4. Leak-proof performance
The reliable sealing structure and the use of high-quality electrolytes and positive and negative electrode active materials give the battery excellent leak-proof performance.
5. Working characteristics
Due to the interaction between organic matter and lithium, a protective film is formed on the surface of the lithium anode. This is the fundamental reason why lithium batteries can maintain their performance for a long time. In addition, the use of precise and reliable battery sealing structures and highly stable active materials can keep the annual capacity reduction rate of battery self-discharge below 2%.
CR button cell standard model lithium manganese battery
CR button cell standard model lithium manganese battery
II. Applications of Batteries
Lithium manganese button cells are widely used in computer motherboards, mobile communications, C-MOS, S-RAM, and electronic memory systems. As a power source, they are also used in everyday electronic products such as watches, cameras, telephones, rice cookers, calculators, time clocks, electronic notebooks, blood glucose meters, ear thermometers, remote controls, electronic flash products, and electronic flash sneaker lights.
Cylindrical carbon-coated battery (energy type)
Carbon-packed batteries are one type of cylindrical lithium manganese dioxide battery. Due to the use of thick electrodes and a maximum amount of active material, they possess the highest specific energy. However, the limited electrode surface area also limits the battery's discharge capacity, restricting its use to low-current applications. The battery cover has a safety valve to release internal pressure in case of mechanical or electrical abuse. Besides edge-sealed batteries, welded-sealed batteries can also be manufactured. These batteries have a 10-year storage life and can be used for backup power and other low-current applications. This is an energy-type battery; generally, energy-type lithium manganese dioxide batteries have "SE" appended to their model number. For example: CR14335SE. Batteries without "SE" are power-type batteries.
Lithium-manganese battery carbon-coated structure diagram
Lithium-manganese battery carbon-coated structure diagram
Cylindrical wound electrode Li/MnO2 battery (power type)
This design is specifically designed for high-current pulse applications and continuous high-current discharge. The lithium anode and cathode (thin, paste-like electrodes on a conductive mesh) are previously wound into a "roll-on" structure with a microporous polypropylene separator disposed between the two electrodes. This design increases the electrode surface area, thereby improving the battery's discharge rate.
High-current wound-type batteries have a safety valve that releases pressure in the event of abuse. Many of these batteries also have a recoverable positive temperature coefficient (PTC) device that limits current and prevents accidents caused by short circuits.
